Assignments paper Free Essays

In which improvement circumstances would it be superfluous or even unfavorable to characterize prerequisites? Some of non-useful prerequisites are a bit much for some advancement circumstance. Now and then group needs to build up some little usefulness, for instance some update or extra capacity, and so on. For this situation follow to all non-practical necessities bring overabundance cost and time spending. We will compose a custom paper test on Assignments paper or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Additionally when the group is building a framework which is previous and add on to that framework. When client is upgrading or refreshing the framework What are the most successive sorts of necessity mistakes and for what reason would they say they are basic for the last item? ; Usually clients don't have the foggiest idea what they precisely need ; Requirements modify during all task way of life ; Customers don't see genuine idealness ; Communication issue between clients, designers and undertaking directors ; Development groups don't comprehend client organization legislative issues. These issues may consequence of wrong prerequisites gathering, obviously it will be an aftereffect of genuine mistakes in necessities. The blunders are reasons for additional expenses or even a task disappointment. What are non-practical necessities and how would they identify with useful prerequisites? A non-practical prerequisite is a necessity that determines measures that can be utilized to Judge the activity of a framework, instead of explicit practices. This ought to be appeared differently in relation to useful prerequisites that characterize explicit conduct or capacities. Additionally Requirements that are not The arrangement for actualizing non-practical necessities is nitty gritty in the framework engineering. (can utilize the table from course book page number 12) Reliability It demonstrates the quality It gauges the quantity of blunders or deformities per thousand lines of code Defects/ Step by step instructions to refer to Assignments paper, Papers

Biological molecules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural atoms - Essay Example The two strands of the helix run in inverse ways (1 up and 1 down). The inward edges of the helices are framed by the nitrogenous bases and they run two by two. Adenine sets with thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds and cytosine sets with guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds (Murray et al, 2007). DNA is available in the chromosomes of a large portion of the living creatures. The human genome around has 3 billion base sets of DNA which are orchestrated in the 23 sets of chromosomes. Grouping bits of DNA structure qualities which convey essential data. The hereditary data is accomplished by corresponding base blending. Transmission, interpretation and interpretation are the means associated with transmission of hereditary data. At present, DNA is utilized in the field of hereditary designing for the treatment of numerous infections (Murray et al, 2007). RNA or ribonucleic corrosive is like DNA aside from that it is single abandoned and the sugar present in it is ribose sugar. RNA comprises of rehashing units of nucleotides which are comprised of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar and a phosphate. The pyramidines are guanine and cytosine and the purines are adenine and uracil. RNA is translated from DNA by the protein called RNA polymerase. There are essentially 2 sorts of RNA: coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs. Delivery person RNA (mRNA) is a coding RNA. There are numerous non-coding RNAs. These incorporate ribosomal RNA (rRNA), move RNA (tRNA) and others. Capacities: mRNA conveys data from DNA to the ribosome which is the site of combination for proteins. The amino corrosive arrangement in the protein depends on the coding grouping of the mRNA. tRNA and rRNA are associated with the procedure of interpretation. Numerous other non-coding RNAs are engaged with RNA handling, quality guideline, catalysis of substance responses, cutting and ligation of other RNA particles, catalysis of peptide bond arrangement in the ribosomes and different jobs (Murray et al, 2007). Starches Structure: Starches are natural aggravates that are either ketones or aldehydes with numerous hydroxyl bunches included. These hydroxyl bunches are included one every carbon particle that isn't a piece of either the aldehyde or the ketone gathering. Consequently the general recipe of a starch can be assigned as (C'H2O)n. Here n is any number more prominent than 3. There are numerous sugars like uronic acids and fucose which don't have this recipe in their structure. Additionally, all synthetics which have this structure don't fall into the classification of sugars. The fundamental starch units are monosaccharides. These are additionally ordered dependent on the quantity of carbon particles, the position of the carbonyl gathering and the chiral handedness. Monosaccharides with the carbonyl gathering aldehyde are known as aldoses, those with carbonyl gathering ketone are known as ketoses, those with three carbon molecules are known as trioses, those with four are called tetroses, five are called pentoses and six are hexoses. Every carbon particle with a hydroxyl gathering (aside from the first and last carbon molecules) is assymmetric making them stereocenters with either right-side setup or left-side arrangement. In this way numerous isomers can exist for some random monosaccharide recipe. Glucose, galactose and fructose are monosaccharides. Monosaccharides can interface together from multiple points of view to shape disaccharides and poly-saccharides. One or

Literary Tourism Southern Literary Trail

Literary Tourism Southern Literary Trail The South has one of the richest literary traditions on Earth, so it is a fitting place for the only sanctioned tri-state literary trail in the United States. The  Southern Literary Trail is a seemingly natural idea, born during an April 2005 meeting of literary enthusiasts, festival organizers, and museum directors from Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi at the Fitzgerald House in Montgomery. The project, which took three years to organize, unites writers homes and literary landmarks between Natchez, Mississippi and Savannah, Georgia. When Ray Bradbury’s home of 50 years was torn down earlier this year in Los Angeles, it served as a sad reminder that no part of our country’s literary heritage should be taken for granted. Yall ready for this? MISSISSIPPI Clarksdale: Tennessee Williams As a boy in Clarksdale, he was dazzled by lavish parties hosted by Blanche Clark, the daughter of the towns founder, and her husband J.W. Cutrer at their mansion. The playwright even used the Cutrer name in many of his plays including The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire. The Mansion was moments away from destruction by a wrecking ball in the late 1990s until local citizens rescued it.   Columbus: Tennessee Williams, Eudora Welty Birthplace of Tennessee Williams (his home is now the Columbus Welcome Center). The first state-supported college for women in America was chartered in Columbus in 1884: Mississippi University for Women. Columbus won the college with its support of womens education and its willingness to commit cash to campus development during the difficult era of Reconstruction. Eudora Welty attended The W and the Eudora Welty Writers Symposium at MUW annually attracts scholars of global prominence.   Como: Stark Young The novelist, poet, essayist, dramatist, translator, professor, painter, and Broadway critic was born and raised in Como, and is buried in the town’s Friendship Cemetery. Greenville: Walker Percy and Shelby Foote As young aspiring writers from Greenville, Percy and Foote sought to pay their respects to William Faulkner by visiting him in Oxford. They drove up to Rowan Oak, but Percy was so awed by Faulkner that he could not leave the car, so he watched as the young Foote and Faulkner visited on the porch of Rowan Oak. Both writers used Greenville and their Mississippi Delta upbringing as inspiration, and shy Walker Percy was awarded the National Book Award for The Moviegoer in 1962. Jackson: Eudora Welty, Richard Wright, and Margaret Walker Alexander Richard Wright’s adolescent experiences while he lived in Jackson with his grandmother became his memoir, Black Boy. She is associated with the arts movement in Chicago, but Margaret Walker Alexander was also a literature professor at Jackson State University from 1949 to 1979. In 1968, she founded the Institute for the Study of History, Life, and Culture of Black People (now the Margaret Walker Center), which stands today as a banner of preserving oral histories, culture, and important historical archives. For seventy-six years, Pulitzer Prize winning author Eudora Welty lived and wrote in her home on Pinehurst Street. After her death in 2001, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History restored her home. It is one of the nation’s most intact literary house museums, as she left her home and collection containing thousands of books to the state. Natchez: Richard Wright Richard Wright was born on Rucker Plantation in rural Adams County, and the childhood home he shared with his grandparents still stands in Natchez. New Albany: William Faulkner and Borden Deal The Union County Heritage Museum, which is located one block west from where William Faulkner was born, celebrates the “real” Yoknapatawpha County and the works of New Albany’s Borden Deal. The Faulkner Literary Garden is also a favorite spot for reflection. Oxford: William Faulkner A more in-depth literary tour of Oxford has already been covered here at Book Riot, but the ghost of Faulkner is all over the city. His home, Rowan Oak, is located right off the Ole Miss campus and is open year-round from dawn to dusk. Visitors also flock to St. Peters Cemetery each year to leave Faulkner bourbon offerings, especially after dusk. ALABAMA Demopolis: Lillian Hellman When Hellman based her plays The Little Foxes and Another Part of the Forest on her prominent Demopolis family, it didn’t sit very well with them. Her great grandfather’s Marx Bank still stands on a major corner in the downtown area, and is the actual setting for the greedy family machinations within Foxes. The film version starring Bette Davis as Regina Hubbard Giddens, a role influenced by Hellmans grandmother Sophie Marx, received nine Oscar nominations in 1941. Hartselle: William Bradford Huie When Huie wrote The Execution of Private Slovik, he told the story of the only American soldier executed for desertion since the Civil War. Frank Sinatra purchased the film rights, but the Defense Department would not allow the movie to be shown on screen (it later became a TV movie in the 1970s). His 1959 novel The Americanization of Emily was adapted as a feature film starring James Garner and Julie Andrews. Huie also delivered the confession of the murderers of Emmett Till to the nations press and authored Three Lives for Mississippi, the basis for the film Mississippi Burning. Mobile: Eugene Walter, Albert Murray, and William March Mobile’s Renaissance Man, Eugene Walter, lead a colorful life as a screenwriter, poet, gourmet chef, short story author, editor costume designer, and puppeteer. He lived in Paris during much of the 1950s, and helped launch the Paris Review. A special allowance was made by the Mobile Parks Department for his burial at Church Street Graveyard in 1998, which has been closed since the 1890s. William March moved to New York in the late 1920s, and flourished as a writer. He won the admiration of another budding author from the South, Carson McCullers and brought her manuscript The Muteto to a publishers attention. It became The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. March’s last novel The Bad Seed was inspired by Mobiles bayside mystique and published the year he died (1954). Albert Murray’s success as a student at Mobile County Training School won him a scholarship to Tuskegee University, where he became interested in writing. Ultimately he also settled in New York in 1962 and wrote South to a Very Old Place, a memoir based upon a return trip to his native region.   Monroeville: Truman Capote and Harper Lee Harper Lee lived next door to the cousins Truman Capote came to stay with in her small country town. The Monroeville playmates became, arguably, Americas most famous pair of childhood friends. Monroeville has been widely known as the literary capital of Alabama. And they have a really cool To Kill a Mockingbird Mural.   Montgomery: Zelda and F. Scott Fitzgerald When Montgomery socialite Zelda Sayre married F. Scott Fitzgerald, he whisked her away from Alabama. After an extended stay in Europe, the local newspaper announced, “Scott Fitzgeralds to Spend Winter Here Writing Books.” The couple rented a home at 919 Felder, and while he went to Hollywood she stayed behind and drafted Save Me the Waltz. Today, the house serves as the Fitzgerald House Museum and displays several of Zelda’s paintings. Tuskegee: Ralph Ellison and Albert Murray During the summer of 1933 a young Ralph Ellison arrived for his freshman year at Tuskegee Institute. He took a job in the bakery at Tompkins Hall, where he made cornbread for the faculty and churned ice cream for fifteen cents an hour. Later, he was assigned to a position at the Frissell Library, where he met fellow student Albert Murray. The two became lifelong friends after meeting at the book return counter. GEORGIA Atlanta: Margaret Mitchell and Joel Chandler Harris Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind gave Atlanta its own epic novel. She said, “I can’t put cold cream on my face during the day. As sure as I do, Bessie the maid goes to the store and a delegation of women call to interview me. I go to the door with cream all over my face and my head wrapped up in a towel and they come in and there I am.” Mitchell’s apartment, “The Dump” on Peachtree, is now the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum.   Joel Chandler Harris’s Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings became a global phenomenon and the basis for the “lost” Disney movie, Song of the South. Today, his Atlanta home, The Wrens Nest, continues its tradition as the citys oldest house museum, opened in 1913 with the support of Andrew Carnegie and President Theodore Roosevelt.   Blairsville: Byron Herbert Reece Reece’s 9.3 acre farm has recently undergone an extensive preservation effort by the Byron Herbert Reece Society. Guests are invited to explore his life and love of Appalachia through interactive exhibits and Mulberry Hall, his private retreat on the property.   Clayton: Lillian Smith When Lillian Smith moved to Clayton, the plight of poor blacks and poor whites compelled her to write. She co-authored an editorial in a 1942 issue of South Today a magazine she originated and published that denounced segregation and declared that blacks should receive equal treatment in society and under the law. Her first novel Strange Fruit told the story of a bi-racial love affair in small town Georgia. The book was banned in a month after its publication, and the U.S. Postal Service refused to ship it  until Eleanor Roosevelt intervened and convinced her husband to lift the mail ban.   Columbus: Carson McCullers McCullers had written her first short story, Sucker, by sixteen. At twenty-three, she published her first novel, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, and her hometown of Columbus is undeniably a character. Nearby Fort Benning plays an unidentified role in her second novel, Reflections in a Golden Eye.   Milledgeville: Alice Walker and Flannery O’Connor The eighth child of sharecroppers, Alice Walker was born in Eatonton near Milledgeville, the last hometown of Flannery OConnor. Walker wrote of a pilgrimage with her mother in 1974 to Andalusia Farm, “(the peacocks) lifted their splendid tails for our edification. One peacock is so involved in the presentation of his masterpiece he does not allow us to move the car until he finishes with his show.” When Alice commented that the Farms peacocks were inspiring, even while blocking the car, her mother Minnie Lou said, “Yes, and theyll eat up every bloom you have, if you dont watch out.” Andalusia Farm is opened for tours and features the grounds and the main house much as Flannery and her mother Regina left it.   Moreland: Erskine Caldwell Erskine Caldwell was born in a simple wooden house near Moreland on December 17, 1903. The house has been moved to Morelands town square where it is now a museum and the centerpiece of a friendly southern town that the author of Gods Little Acre and Tobacco Road understood best: a crossroads of farms, churches and general stores. Moreland was also the home of Southern comedian Lewis Grizzard, who died in 1994 at age 48.   Savannah: Flannery O’Connor The setting of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil was also the childhood home of Flannery O’Connor. Located at 207 East Charlton Street in the heart of Savannah, it is open to visitors and includes her baby carriage, cradle, and bedroom furniture. As a child in the home, she was an unforgiving literary critic. For Alices Adventures in Wonderland, she skewered Lewis Carroll with a succinct review: “Awful. I wouldnt read this book.” EVENTS Every two years, Trailfest takes place from February to May and is the only tri-state literary festival in the United States. More information can be found by visiting the Southern Literary Trails website. ***All photographs and some text in this article are courtesy of the Southern Literary Trail, a joint project sponsored by the Mississippi Humanities Council, the Mississippi Division of Tourism, the Alabama Humanities Foundation, the Georgia Humanities Council, and the Alabama State Council on the Arts.*** ____________________ Like chattin up other readers and keeping track of your books on Goodreads? So do we! Come give us a follow.

The Improvement of Cell Phones - 754 Words

The idea of a cell phone has been around since the nineteenth century. A cell phone is also referred to as a mobile phone, or a cellular device. The first cellular device was invented in 1973 by Martin Cooper. This mobile telephone was the size of a brick! Ever since this invention, the cell phone has become the most prevalent piece of technology. Nowadays, the majority of people in the world possess a cell phone. One country in particular that is very popular when it comes to cell phones is the United States of America. The United States has four major cell phone companies which include: Verizon, Sprint, AT T, and T-Mobile. These companies have made a big improvement to the cell phone industry. Instead of people having to carry around†¦show more content†¦People across the U.S. are now able to communicate with friends and family that do not live close to them. Cell phones make it a lot more convenient to communicate to others while running errands so that no backtracking is necessary. One last thing mobile phones have done is that they allow people who are in troublesome situations to make emergency contact calls. All around cell phones have greatly improved people’s lives, and yet they have barely begun to modernize. Years from now cell phones will be able to do many new things for people that they can onlyShow MoreRelatedevolution of cell phones Essay examples601 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿1 The improvement in technology has come such a long way in the last forty years. Comparing improvements in cars, televisions, computers, and cell phones is quite an easy task to do. The biggest technological improvement would have to be the cell phone with its major differences in appearance, and its usefulness/capability. Even in just the last few years there have been major changes to the cell phone, but comparing the first cell phone to todays is like comparing a caveman to a rocket scientistRead MoreEssay about The Social Impact of Cell Phones931 Words   |  4 Pagestoday’s world the vast majority of the population owns a cell phone. Cell phones are a huge part of people’s everyday lives. Since the 1940’s when mobile phones became available for automobiles, phone companies have made huge strides in making mobile phones more efficient, much smaller, and more available for anyone to use. There was a time where only people of wealth had these types of mobile p hones. Now people from all social classes own a cell phone. They are extremely convenient and have the abilityRead MoreFor The Last Couple Of Decades, The Evolution Of Cell Phones1389 Words   |  6 Pagesevolution of cell phones has happened fast, and it has happened right before our eyes. The memories about having a house phone with a cord on a table or attached to the wall are still on my mind. Nowadays, however, a person needs only one device to do different things at the same time, when in the past one needed three different devices to be able to do their things, and it was time-consuming. Not everybody has adapted to the new era of cell phones. There are still people who think cell phones are moreRead MoreDigital Technology Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals rely upon phone exchanges to do commitments including their individual data and identity. Outrageous computerized resources by law breakers and fear based oppressors around the world have encouraged in uncovering issues of the direness for extreme security systems to ensure assurance and data security. The examination will deal with a watchful evaluation of mobile phones despite their surfacing in the overall population. Rapidly analyzing the verifiable scenery of phones is urgent in understandingRead MoreComplaint Speech1384 Words   |  6 Pagesnews, they are also paranoid about dogs because of the societal trend of trying to control for every possible human risk in life... (Point #1 was the first reason I think people are dog-phobic and Point #2 will be the second reason). b) [Pause...] Phone technici ans are not only poorly trained, they are also difficult to understand because companies outsource labor to other countries, causing language barriers. (Point #1 was the example of incompetence, and Point #2 will be an example of languageRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society940 Words   |  4 Pages Cell phones have been around for hundreds of years. It’s no surprise that more and more people are beginning to partake in cellphone use. Cell phones provide society with an easier way of communicating and obtaining information, but at the same time there are some negative consequences. What most people don’t realize is that cellphones are actually quite harmful to modern society. Scientifically cellphones emit radiations that can potentially produce fatal results. Overall cellphones haveRead MoreAnalyzing the Marketing Environment927 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology as we know it keeps people guessing and waiting for the next new breakthroughs. In the auto market with gasoline, prices increasing almost by the minute smaller more fuel-efficient cars are in. In the world of communication, new high tech phones and data devices are what sell’s. The faster the device is or the larger the screen and more compact it is the faster people buy them. With todayâ€⠄¢s changes in technology, the sky is the limit. If it can be imagined it can be made. As the demand forRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Our Human Interaction1204 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans basically live off of cell phones, it is considered a necessity of life. By 2015, it is estimated that Americans will consume both traditional and digital media for over 1.7 trillion hours, an average of approximately 15 and a half hours per person per day (Short). Is it good or bad for schools to allow students to have cell phones? The latest Teens and Technology 2013 study, from Pew Research, found that 78 percent of teens aged 12 – 17 own a cell phone (Haselton). However, a WorcesterRead MoreCell Phone Use And Cell Phones Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever witnessed disruptive cell phones usage in public? When is it acceptable, to use cell phones in public? Americans today have adapted the addiction of cell phone technology, the device accommodates more than just text or talking.Cell phone use is a problem in America and in our own homes. The existence of cell phones have changed the communication skills of many round the world. I believe the wave has sailed right along with rude public cell phone behavior.. B.(Thesis Statement)Read MoreMobile Phones And Its Impact On The Field Of Versatile Registering1645 Words   |  7 PagesIn October 2003, a gathering of youthful computing specialists met up to set up a product improvement organization that would go ahead to alter the phone cellular telephone as we was already aware it. The item they would make would set up mind blowing strength in the field of versatile registering. In the second from last quarter of 2014, worldwide shipments of Android-based cell phones came to 268 million, significantly outpacing the rate of offers for iPhones, Android s nearest rival. Before the

Color Complex Essay - 753 Words

The â€Å"Color Complex† and It’s Persisting Effects on the Black Community As African Americans came to the United States the â€Å"color complex† was implemented upon them by their white captors. The â€Å"color complex† became a means for which white slave owners could divide and conquer their black slaves. With black slaves outnumbering whites on many southern colonies as well as in many of the Caribbean islands, such as Haiti, whites realized that they needed to divide their captors against each other. Through this system of separation based on color and physical features, white conquerors were able to impose on Blacks throughout the New World a â€Å"color complex† which plagues Blacks, especially in the United States, to this day. In this paper†¦show more content†¦The hair, was a means for African people to express their heritage, marital status, tribe, age, wealth and even religion. â€Å"Nappy† hair, as it is referred to in the American context, was necessary in continental Africa as it was a means to keep the sun off as well as insulate their heads. As Africans were taken to the colonies much of that tradition was lost as time to do hair was lost along with many of the other notions of African beauty. This is the beginning of the color complex. As slaves came to the states they became property to the white slave owners. The white slave owners believed that they could do with their slaves as they wished to. This notion of property, a dehumanizing act, lead to slave owners fathering nearly half of their slave children. This lead to a diversity in features within the slave community, many Black slaves began having more white features. The white slave owners saw this as a problem; the solution to their problem came in instituting the one drop rule. This meant that anyone who had just one drop of African blood was Black. White slave owners looked at this as an opportunity to divide the Black slave community while at the same time maintaing â€Å"purity† within the upper class slave owning elite. The opportunity for white slave owners to divide the slave class was by inviting slaves with more white characteristics into the â€Å"Big House† to do household, less physicallyShow MoreRelated Analysis of the Closet Scene in Hamlet the Movie Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet is often seen as one of the most well known examples of an Oedipus Complex presented in literature. The reasons for this is probably because of the plot that resolves around the revenge that Hamlet has against his step-father Claudius and because of the relationship that Hamlet has with his mother that is loaded with sexual energy. Hamlets love for his mother is especially exemplified by the Mel Gibsons interpretation of the infamous closet scene. Traditionally a Queens closet was notRead MoreEffects Of The Color Red On Task Distraction Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pages Effect of the Color Red on Task Distraction Brennah Ross Villanova University Abstract The impact of the color red on task distraction frequency was explored within an academic setting. A 25 year old female graduate student was observed repeatedly during note-taking sessions. Red ink was used to activate an avoidant-motivational state, while blue ink was used to activate an approach-motivational state. Scope of attention (narrow vs. broad) and cognitive processing style (vigilantRead MoreDescription Of The Quad City Arts Center Gallery818 Words   |  4 Pageslets them relate to the painting even more. By containing all different types of styles, this exhibition reflects true nature. 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By taking two works with the same subject matter, one can effectively dissect the influences that time and placeRead MoreFilm Review : Hitchcock s Vertigo1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1958 Alfred Hitchcock movie Vertigo has a drastic change in the psyche of the main character John â€Å"Scottie† Ferguson. In this movie you can see interesting changes in color throughout. The color ties into the psyche of the characters, creati ng a mentally stimulating motion picture. The color changes that give way to more psychologically in depth readings of the film have caused the picture to sustain its top movie position over the decades. In the beginning of the romantic thriller, Scottie hasRead MoreEssay on Color Psychology886 Words   |  4 PagesColor Psychology Like death and taxes, there is no escaping color. It is ubiquitous. Yet what does it all mean? Why are people more relaxed in green rooms? Why do weightlifters do their best in blue gyms? It is a well-known fact that color influences mood and feeling in common experience, however, the field of color psychology is still not well understood. Research on the psychological aspects of color is difficult for the mere reason that human emotions are not very stable and the psychicRead MoreFolklore And The Akan Culture1246 Words   |  5 Pagesand their identity. They integrate a complex system of symbolism in their everyday, ritual, and ceremonial life. Their exquisite intricately woven kente cloth, complexly stamped Adinkra cloths, carved wooden figures, and the handworks of the gold smiths, exemplifies the resonance of the folk life. Color plays a prominent role in the visual symbolic sense by providing a meaning, an interpretation, and establishing a tone for unique ceremonial occasions. Color determines the identities of the individualsRead MoreThe Use Of Art Therapy For Children911 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough occasionally an adult who was babysitting would color with the child, that adult wouldn t normally pick up a coloring book on their own. Recently, a new trend in coloring books for adults has changed the way adults relieve stress. Coloring books for adults has reached an all-time high with many books on bestseller lists. While this may be a fun hobby for some, others find serious stress relief from coloring inside these books. Adults who color often call themselves colorists, and while coloringRead MoreColor symmetry Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Color versus Marketing Strategy Why is Facebook blue? I do not know the answer; I think it should be complex but actually, it is simple. It is because Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of Facebook is red-green color blind; blue is the color Mark can see the best. Do not believe it? Not highly scientific, right? That may not be the case for Facebook. In our daily life, colors actually affect our purchasing decisions. After all, sight is the strongest developed sense in most human beings. How do colorsRead MoreThe On Wood Type Of Artwork By Grupo Mondongo1067 Words   |  5 Pageson the borders of the background. Irregular lines are seen everywhere on the skull, theres a bunch of different bends and corners on most sculptures. There are many colors on this piece of art, but none of them are high in saturation, most of the colors we see on here are dark earth tones, light tint, or shades of colors from the color scheme. Looking at it from a long distance away, the skull looks very detailed. The shadow of the skull looks like theres a light source coming from the top left. When

Cloud Services Go Mainstream Free Essays

Case Study 3. 4 – Salesforce. Com: Cloud Services Go Mainstream 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloud Services Go Mainstream or any similar topic only for you Order Now How does Salesforce. com use cloud computing? Salesforce. com provides customer relationship management and other software applications using the software-as-a-service business model over the Internet. Cloud computing, also known as on-demand computing, eliminates the need for a business to make large up-front hardware and software investments and reduces the time to implement new programs. Subscribers to Salesforce. om don’t have to purchase or maintain any hardware (albeit personal computing devices) nor do they have to install any special operating systems, database servers, or application servers. Other than the monthly user subscription fee, businesses reduce their licensing and maintenance fees. Users access the Salesforce. com cloud through a standard Web browser or a mobile handheld device. Businesses using the Salesforce. com’s cloud have an easier time scaling their system as they increase or decrease their workforce – they adjust the number of subscri ptions to the cloud. Salesforce. com offers some customization of its software so a business can adjust the software to unique business processes. It offers three types of clouds: Sales cloud, service cloud, and the custom cloud. The sales and service clouds help businesses improve sales and customer service. The custom cloud provides a venue for customers to develop their own applications for use within the broader Salesforce network. 2. What are some of the challenges facing Salesforce as it continues its growth? How well will it be able to meet those challenges? Challenges include: Increased competition both from traditional industry leaders and new challengers hoping to replicate Salesforce’s success -Expanding its business model into other areas -Ensuring the system is available 24/7 with no outages -Defending the system against security breeches Salesforce is answering the first two challenges by partnering with Google and combining its services with Gmail, GoogleDocs, Google Talk, and Googl e Calendar to allow its customers to accomplish more tasks via the Web . Salesforce. comand Google both hope that their Salesforce. com for Google Apps nitiative will galvanize further growth in on-demand software. By partnering with Apple, Salesforce. com can expand its applications to iPhone users who will have access to their data anywhere any time. Through its partnership with Amazon. com, Force customers can tap into Amazon. com’s cloud computing services that can handle â€Å"cloud burst computing† tasks that require extra processing power or storage capacity. Salesforce opened up its Custom Cloud (also known as Force. com) application development platform to other independent software developers and listed their programs on its AppExchange. The company introduced a development tool for integrating with Facebook’s social network that allows customers to build applications that call functions at the Facebook site. Small businesses can go online and download software applications, some add-ons to Salesforce. com and others that are unrelated. In order to grow its revenues to levels that industry observers and Wall Street eventually expects, Salesforce will need to change its focus from selling a suite of software applications to providing a broader cloud computing â€Å"platform† on which many software companies can deliver applications. To ensure system availability, Salesforce. com provides tools to assure customers about its system reliability and also offers PC applications that tie into their services so users can work offline. 3. What kinds of businesses could benefit from switching to Salesforce and why? Small to medium-size businesses are probably the most likely ones to switch to Salesforce. com because of cost factors and the lack of having in-house resources to provide the same level of computing capacity. Businesses that are trying to increase the sophistication of their computing capabilities could also benefit from switching to Salesforce as long as the two are compatible. Businesses that rely on smart customer management would benefit greatly from using the tools available at Salesforce. com. Also companies that have small sales and marketing teams can benefit from the software-as-a-service business model. 4. What factors would you take into account in deciding whether to use Saleforce. com for your business? Businesses should assess the costs and benefits of the service, weighing all people, organization, and technology issues. Does the software-as-a-service application integrate well with the existing systems? Does it deliver a level of service and performance that’s acceptable for the business? Does the SaaS fit with the business’ overall competitive strategy and allow the company to focus on core business issues instead of technology challenges? 5. Could a company run its entire business using Salesforce. com, Force. com, and App Exchange? Explain your answer. Depending on the type of business, a company probably could run its entire operations using Salesforce. com, Force. com, and App Exchange. All four major functional areas of a business are supported: Sales and Marketing, Manufacturing and Production, Finance, and Human Resources. There are dozens of applications available to fully support all of these areas. It would be a matter of integrating the software from Salesforce. com and App Exchange with any existing legacy systems within the business. How to cite Cloud Services Go Mainstream, Papers

Piano Concert free essay sample

Music for Plano concert featuring Bette Collusion and Philip Seward at the Columbia College Concert Hall. The show was only about an hour. Mr.. Seward and Mrs.. Collusion played five pieces together and then each play on solo. This was my first piano concert, of any kind, that I have attended. This was something new for me. The concert Included seven deferent pieces. Claude Debussy composed three of them, La pauper del vine, El Vent Dana la Blame, and Lisle Joyous L . 106. Anton Debark imposed the opening and closing songs, Slavic Dance Pop. 6 #1 and Slavonic Dance Pop. 46 #5. The piece by Samuel Barber was called Souvenirs and was played by both Seward and Collusion and their hands over lapped in it. One of the pieces was composed by Columbians very own Philip Seward and preformed solely by his self. Although deferent people composed the pieces the concert was nicely and evenly put together Like a sandwich. We will write a custom essay sample on Piano Concert or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It started with a Dobra piece, the bun, then went Into Seawards the cheese, then into three Debussy, which could represent three different hypes of meat in the sandwich.Then after that a Barber piece symbolizes the lettuce and then the concert ended with the bun another Dobra piece. The titles of the pieces fit each of them well. The title of a piece Is a great clue to both the performer and audience what the composer was trying to portray. I read the program before the show started. So as to get better Idea of what the songs might sound like just by their name. I was later surprised to hear that the composer did write what I expected in regards to the song title. Even pieces with more than one art need different names because although they are built to Join together they still can stand on their own alone and each have their own feel to them. I was very Intimidated by the skill and ability of Seward and Collusion. They of course have been playing for many years and have lots of experience under their belt, as for me I have been playing for a very short fifteen weeks. Both seemed to stay together well, like it was just one person with four hands playing.Each played with the same dynamics, like if the tempo picked up they both kept moving forward, or if it got quiet hen they would play the keys lighter. When they played together one person would give the count off and head nod and one player would always turn the page. Seward and Collusion were a well-put together duet. They each played a solo place In which neither of them used music; but instead trusted themselves that they knew it by heart. Since there were only two performers it was easy to compare their style of playing to each other.While Seward sat completely on the chair Collusion sat at the end of her seat Like taught In basic Plano classes. Seawards hands barely lifted off the keys the audience to realizes it was the beginning of a new segment but still part of same large piece. All of the pieces went together well enough to make a good concert but they differed in tempo and dynamics to make it interesting. The first piece Slavic Dance was up beat and exciting and it brought the audience into the show. I heard the piece and thought to myself k the show has now begun. I think it is a good idea no matter what kind of performance it is, the start should be exciting and welcoming. The second piece, Three Preludes, was very clam and relaxing to the ears. At some points the song did get louder but sill had a nice legato feel throughout. La pauper del vine, was the third piece and was even quieter than the last, it sounded like a mystery piece. When a song is quiet and soft it make the audience listen harder because you do not want to miss it. The fourth piece was another duet and was up beat and woke everyone up from the short nap of quiet and softness form the last two-piece.The next piece Lisle Joyous L. 06 was similar to the last piece but wasnt as quick moving. Souvenirs was the second to last piece and was not only great but was fun to watch because the way it is written the performance are constantly getting their hands mixed up. The last piece was almost the same as the opening song but Just a different section from it. I really like it because it was fast, fun, and very articulate. It had a lot a repeats or similar phrases so after a while you felt as if you know the song and could hum along with it.Not only is it good to open on a quick, Jumpy song but also I think it is a good to close the show with one. This way the audience will go away still humming the piece as opposed to a slow love piece. Although piano concerts are not really my favorite type of performance to watch, I enjoyed the concert. Watching the concert was great because as a child I would Just listen to piano music and never have I ever gone too piano concert. Being able to see the performers flow with the piece and watch their hands move up and down the keys really makes the music sound different and is good to see.

How to Distinguish Female Lobsters From Males

How to Distinguish Female Lobsters From Males Want to know the sex of a lobster you have caught or are about to eat? Here are several ways to tell: Lobster Anatomy Lobsters have feathery appendages called swimmerets, or pleopods, underneath their tails. These swimmerets help a lobster swim and are also where a female lobster  (sometimes called a hen)  carries her eggs. Swimmerets also can clue you in to the sex of a lobster. The first pair of swimmerets (the pair closest to the head) just behind the walking legs point up toward the head. They are thin, feathery, and soft on a female  but hard and bony on a male. Also, the female has a rectangular shield between her second pair of walking legs, which she uses to store sperm after mating with a male. This is where the male inserts those hard swimmerets during mating, releasing sperm that the female stores. When its time to release her eggs, they flow past the sperm and are fertilized. The female stores these eggs under her abdomen (tail) for 10 to 11 months.   Because they carry eggs, females tend to have a wider tail than males. Females carrying fertilized eggs arent usually harvested, but inside a female lobster you might find unfertilized eggs, or roe. They are green when fresh and bright red after the lobster is cooked. (They are also called coral because of the color.) These can be eaten.  Females can carry up to 80,000 eggs at one time.   Courting Ritual Despite their ferocious appearance, lobsters have a complex courtship ritual that is often described as touching.  Males and females mate after the female molts. The males live in caves or dens, and as her molting time draws near, a female visits the dens and wafts a pheromone toward the male via her urine, which is released from openings near her antennae. The male energetically beats his swimmerets. Over a few days, the female approaches the den and checks out the male. They eventually initiate a mock boxing match and the female enters the den. During molting the female is vulnerable- she is very soft and takes at least half an hour to be able to stand- so the male protects her. At this point the male rolls the female over onto her back and transfers the sperm packet, or spermatophore, to the females seminal receptacle. The female holds her eggs until she is ready to fertilize them.   Spiny Lobster Sexing Spiny lobsters (rock lobsters) are usually sold as tails, rather than live, so you might not get a chance to try out your lobster sexing skills at a market that sells spiny lobsters.  However, these lobsters also can be sexed using the swimmerets on the underside of their tails.   In females, the swimmerets on one side might overlap those on the other. You might also see a dark patch, where the spermatophore is located at the base of her last pair of walking legs. They might also have claw-shaped pincers at the end of their fifth pair of walking legs that help hold the eggs.  Roe mmight be found inside whole spiny lobsters. Sources: Lobsters, Gulf of Maine Research Institute Lobster 101: Reproduction and Life Cycle, Maine Lobstermens Community AllianceHow to Determine the Sex of Regulated Invertebrates, State of Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources Lobster Biology, The Lobster Conservancy

Free sample - Difference in Death. translation missing

Difference in Death. Difference in DeathThe Death of Ivan llyich and Strider: The Story of a Horse; are two pieces of literary work written by Tolstoy. The former came into being in 1886. The cardinal subject matter in that book is death. The book came in the limelight following his transition in religion back in 1870. The novel revolves around a forty five year old judge who is experiencing marital problems until such a time when he dies. â€Å"Strider† is one of the most interesting stories of Russian origin which Leo Tolstoy left unfinished only for Kholstomer to finish it later. Strider is a horse who narrates his ordeal and experience in the hands of different masters to the fellow horses until when he meets his death just as the story comes to an end. The thematic issues expressed by Tolstoy in this short narrative are exploitation and death. This particular article is written in an attempt to compare and contrast representations of death in the above mentioned texts by Leo Tolstoy. The arti cle will answer questions on how one should approach death basing the argument on these two books. The article will also analyze the characters used in the stories to embody Tolstoy’s ideal. In these two stories, it is evident that the approach of death begins with having a proper attitude towards life. In Ivan’s story, the author takes the reader through his life some years back when he was a very young man studying law. On clearing school, he manages to secure a job and moves to stay in another town. He gets married to Praskovya and problems start in their life immediately. This, from the author’s disposition is the beginning of Ivan’s death. In ‘Strider’, the horse story, the authors opens the story from a second point of view before the horse is allowed a chance to narrate his ordeal to the other horses. His life in the farm was not at its best, it is described as being old and bad looking, and his entire body was weak with his skin completely worn out. From Ivan’s story, death encompasses his life starting from his marriage. When he gets into trouble with his wife, Ivan decides to stay away from his family. While he goes to work he presents himself differently and changes abruptly while he arrives at home. In the same breath, his dream of becoming the top judge is slapped with an unexpected death and this saw him evacuating with his family to upcountry. In this text, the two deaths that encompass Ivan’s life is an indication that his real death is slowly by slowly approaching. This can be seen being fuelled by his failed marriage to Praskovya and failure to receive a promotion at his place of work. In ‘Strider’, the story of a horse, his death is slowly brought to the attention of the reader going by the mistreatment he gets from Nester. Being an old horse, he is harassed by the rest while grazing and quenching thirst. His weak foreleg seems to have met its death way before his real death. Comparing the h orse, and Ivan, one can deduce that, no matter how these two try to look at life in a positive way, they are frustrated at different points in their life adding salt to injury and so their deaths continues coming closer. In ‘The Death of Ivan llyich’, when he moves with his family to another place, Ivan looks for a better job and lucky enough he gets. He decides to buy a house and he moves his family in. going by this particular disposition, it is clearly seen that death is being distanced from the life of the main character. This comes after Ivan gets a job with help of a friend. He is completely settled ready to move on with his life. On the other hand, strider’s life takes a different turn when he begins to narrate his ordeal from when he was young. All the horses become interested to listen to his story. In the mind of the reader, the old, sick and weak horse is presented differently. His life which was painted so gloomy before the narration is being presented differently by the same horse. Just like Ivan’s life is taking a different turn away from death, so is Strider. The author in the two stories has given each a new life probably meant for plot development. However, death courts Ivan as soon as he settles down in his new home; he feels totally uncomfortable and decides to seek help from medical experts. After paying several visits to different doctors, he ends up getting more confused and he is not himself anymore. His outward appearance changes drastically and his mind started experiencing images of him dead. This serves as a wake call to him and he realizes indeed he is going to die. The approach of death in a systematic way by the author can clearly be seen. Despite the fact that, by him visiting doctors did not arrest the situation, is a deliberate move by the author to kill Ivan. In the same breath, Strider is slowly but surely taken towards his death by the author. This is clearly seen when he terms as experience his being changed fro one hand to the next. He recalls with nostalgia how he served two masters probably for the longest time in his career. The most unfortunate incidence was while he was serving a prince who almost caus ed his life. Since that time strider admits that the feeling that he will one day die has always courted him. In the two stories, it can be seen that, these two parties are confused with feelings of death at one time in their life. This is only a preparation for their real death that awaits him. In Ivan’s story, nobody seems to agree with him that he is almost approaching his death. People who are close to him just associate his condition with sickness. While in this stage, he realizes that, his only son Vasya seems to understand his condition better than anybody else. The nightmare that encompasses his mind leaves him in a very devastated situation. His journey towards death is characterized by pain and cannot move from his house. Death is surely some steps away. He starts looking at his past life and all this does not seem to make sense to him now that he is dying. The nightmare keeps coming in his mind but he is suddenly struck by a force in his chest. In his last minute to die, he quickly looks at all he had including his wife, and sees all this as a dream which never was. He dies seconds later. In the story of a horse, Strider meets his death after an a deal was sealed between his master and the veterinary. The two agree to cut his throat and this happens the fol lowing day when Strider as usual, did not go for herding but instead he was carried away meet his death with a knife. While cutting his throat, he did not seem to realize what was happening until suddenly when he felt a little pain and the burden he had carried in entire life came to an end at once. He was not frightened nor taken by surprise. According to Tolstoy, the steady approach toward death is accompanied by the realization of its strange power which leaves one devastated. This is what happens to Ivan and Strider. These two characters have been used throughout the narration by the author to deliver his information to the reader. These are the two characters alongside others who embodies Tolstoy’s ideal.

Multicurrency decision Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Multicurrency decision - Speech or Presentation Example I would suggest that it is more prudent and viable to reject the offer, because there is a 71% probability to earn the amount of profit rather than the bank's offer.Question6HSBC'S offer for payment of $2,150,000 in return of revenue in local currency is a good offer because it gives Corvette an average return. In addition Corvette would directly change the types of liabilities and assets it holds, to enter into financial contracts and shift some of the IRR they have to other Companies or investors who are better capable to manage themQuestion7The Corvette's the sales manager is more risk averse because he is more opposing the risk because the future is uncertain and unpredictable with random occurrence therefore the known should be accepted. And if fluctuation happens further in exchange rates and the Company may loose a lot. Question8Management dead-lock: Like in the case of disagreement on whether to accept the HSBC offer, this may causes the Company to loose business.The bank des cribes its value at risk as the loss that happens at the 5th percentile of the unsure inflow. Regulatory bodies repeatedly make use of a slightly more complex adaptation of gap analysis to approximation the level of IRR banking institutions and for the whole banking industry.Question 9 The idea that money available at the three months' time is more   worthier than the same amount due   in the future to its potential earning capacity. This chief principle of finance maintains that the sooner money is received.

Nuclear weapons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nuclear weapons - Essay Example This is addition to looking at the consequences of having such weapons on the world in terms of economic and social implications. Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons states clearly that nuclear weapons are used for their traditional role in the pursuit of national security, where even their deployment is for the same purpose (Lee 1996, p.2). This brings out the question of moral authority over why they own them, as without these weapons there can still be peace and security in any given country including those that possess these weapons. As such, the justification for the possession of the weapons does not lie with the efficiency of military power or even national security, in which case the implications are that provided those in military leadership find the possession and use acceptable, then they should be kept. It is as a result of this that countries own these weapons of mass destruction to achieve their own ends, and these ends are not necessarily the ends of every citizen whom they lead because the weapons are the disposal of the military, at the command of the president and even military leaders (Paret 1986, p.762). In addition to this, there is the potential that these weapons are owned by some nations for the sole purpose of intimidation so as to protect overseas interests and assists as said by Caldicott (2004, p.73). In this case, he argues that there is no way that any country or military power would use nuclear weapons against its own citizens, and then he goes on to state that some countries have enormous oversees interests. As a result, the legitimacy for having these nuclear weapons is to protect the country from any external acts of aggression by other nations, just as the tradition of war goes. Besides this, the argument of having a peaceful world that is free of threats to national insecurity is a new justification to the possession of nuclear weapons owing to the presentation of new information in makers of new strategy. In this case, i t is said that all wars since the inception of the nuclear weapons have been irrational and impossible due to the possibility of destroying the enemy finally (Lee 1996, p.12). From this perspective, justification is that nuclear weapons make the world a safe place by use of the theory of nuclear deterrence, where no nation dares wage war due to the possibility of obviation in the event of nuclear warfare. Therefore, war becomes outdated considering the nuclear arsenal available to the world in modern times and the countries that hold this arsenal are the ones that control the eventuality of war and ensure that the world is protected from itself and international feuds likely to explode into full-blown wars. In addition, there is the question of power, which can be brought up in reply to why some nations own nuclear weapons, which can directly point towards abuse. With this, nuclear power amongst the countries in possession of these arms is indicative of how they keep the world in ch eck concerning the improved tactics of warfare across the world that are not restricted to guerrilla warfare, but go as far as air strikes with enhanced accuracy. This is especially so in modern times and based on recent events and history that goes as far back as the 1950s to show what possession of nuclear weapons has saved the world from destroying itself. Looking again at the abuse of power, the cold war can be used to show the consequences of having nuclear arms, and this does not paint a good picture at all for the world as a whole. In spite of claiming that nuclear weapons ring stability to the world, they also focus power on a few nations that then get into conflict as shown in the cold war of the 1980s. Consequently, the justification of nuclear wea

DDC Technologies for Energy Management

DDC Technologies for Energy Management Introduction Ever since the energy crisis, when digital controls (then called EMCS for energy management and control systems) were unceremoniously ushered into widespread use for HVAC control, the industry has tried to make them look and act like the pneumatic controls they have superseded. Only occasionally are some of the profoundly expanded opportunities available with digital controls applied effectively. Furthermore, terms like reset schedule and direct acting, relevant only to pneumatic systems, are still commonly employed in what is now the digital controls era. While the process of transition to digital control technologies tolerates this mixed bag, a multitude of new demands are requiring our industry to move ahead and realize the full potential of digital control technologies. Building occupants are demanding more comfortable and higher quality environments. Building owners continue to press for greater economies in construction, operation, and maintenance. Finally, a variety of pressures are upon us to provide more precise control and documentation that standards for temperature, ventilation, and indoor air quality are being met. In this article, I will discuss how DDC technologies permit a new flexibility in the traditional rules concerning the need for linear signals and responses with input and output devices. When properly applied, this new flexibility can reduce the cost of DDC technologies. Next month, I will show how, by combining these fundamentals with emerging inter manufacturer controls integration, designers can achieve new horizons in performance and energy efficiency. HVAC Control System A HVAC control system is a computerized system for climate control in buildings. HVAC stands for humidity, ventilation , air-conditioning. Often, these integrate fire, security, and lighting controls into one system. These systems typically use one or more central controllers to command and monitor the remote terminal unit controllers, and they communicate with one or more personal computers that are used as the operator interface. These control systems are typically used on large commercial and industrial buildings to allow central control of many HVAC units around the building(s). The latest systems use the building ethernet for communications between central controllers, and allow operator access from a web browser. Direct Digital Control Central controllers and most terminal unit controllers are programmable, meaning the direct digital control program code may be customized for the intended use. The program features include time schedules, setpoints, controllers, logic, timers, trend logs, and alarms. The unit controllers typically have analog and digital inputs, that allow measurement of the variable (temperature, humidity, or pressure) and analog and digital outputs for control of the medium (hot/cold water and/or steam). Digital inputs are typically (dry) contacts from a control device, and analog inputs are typically a voltage or current measurement from a variable (temperature, humidity, velocity, or pressure) sensing device. Digital outputs are typically relay contacts used to start and stop equipment, and analog outputs are typically voltage or current signals to control the movement of the medium (air/water/steam) control devices.(Valves/dampers/motor speed) It was only natural that the first HVAC controllers would be pneumatic, as the engineers understood fluid control. Thus mechanical engineers could use their experience with the properties of steam and air to control the flow of heated or cooled air. To this day, there is pneumatic HVAC equipment in operation, which can be a century old, in some buildings, such as schools and offices. After the control of air flow and temperature was standardized, the use of electromechanical relays in ladder logic, to switch dampers became standardized. Eventually, the relays became electronic switches, as transistors eventually could handle greater current loads. By 1985, pneumatic control could no longer compete with this new technology. By the year 2000, computerized controllers were common. Today, some of these controllers can even be accessed by web browsers, which need no longer be in the same building as the HVAC equipment. This allows some economies of scale, as a single operations center can easily monitor thousands of buildings. Why Linear Devices? When pneumatic controls dominated our industry, building owners paid a high price for modulati n g l o o p p e r for m a n c e and stability. One of the prices paid was the requirement that input and output devices be linear with respect to the system variable they sensed or controlled. This need for linear response was essential to match the limited control capabilities of pneumatic controllers. A number of rules and conventions were established within our industry that made achieving this linear response requirement easier. Among these were the development of the equal percentage valve, which included the seemingly backwards rule of thumb that called for sizing control valves smaller than the pipe size. Similarly, mechanical sensing devices were constructed to provide linear change in control air pressure over their entire sensing range. While these conventions and rules of thumb served the days of pneumatics, they now need to be rethought. Requiring what I call external linearization in digital control designs adds costs in two ways. Linear devices are often more expensive than nonlinear devices that may offer improved levels of performance in DDC applications. Further, linear output conventions, such as designing a high pressure drop through valves or dampers, carry a substantial continuous operating energy penalty. By developing new rules and conventions, the knowledgeable designer can produce designs that have lower first and operating costs and may operate more reliably as well. Linear Devices in the DDC Era The need for linear response in modulating control loops has not been eliminated by the introduction of digital controls. While digital controls offer improved modulating control capabilities, including proportional/integral/derivative (PID) controllers, these control loops continue to be based on the principle of linear response, at least over certain ranges. However, in most typical applications, digital controls can easily internally linearize both input signals and output control functions. Internal Linearization of Inputs One way to reduce the cost of some DDC configurations is to permit nonlinear input devices and use the DDC system for scaling to achieve the correct reading over the range required for the application. I continue to see DDC specifications that limit the selection of input devices to those that provide a linear signal to the DDC system over a wide range of values. Except in special cases, this is an unnecessary requirement that adds costs and may cause other problems. Consider temperature sensors. Fig. 1 shows a resistance curve for an inexpensive thermistor type temperature sensor that may be employed for room temperature sensing. Thermistors are excellent choices for HVAC applications. They are inexpensive, have excellent accuracy and very low hysteresis, and respond quickly to temperature changes. Furthermore, at temperatures normally involved in HVAC applications, thermistors have excellent long-term stability (some care should be taken in choosing thermistors when temperature may rise above 240 F). Finally, because thermistors are typically high resistance (10,000 ohms is typical), they are not affected by variations in wiring distances. However, some designers continue to exclude thermistors because the input signal is not linear with temperature over wide temperature ranges. Instead, low impedance RTD type sensors are often specified. This type of sensor typically requires an electric circuit at the sensor that linearizes and transmits the signal in a way that it will not be affected by wiring resistance (usually a current loop signal is used). Employing low resistance RTD sensors with additional electronics presents a number of potential problems in DDC applications. First is the matter of accuracy. While the RTD sensors themselves provide excellent accuracy, it is not uncommon to find end-toend accuracies (I use end-to-end as the comparison of the value read by a precision thermometer at the device compared with the actual reading at the DDC system operators terminal) out of tolerance. Calibration of the current loop input may be more difficult than that of a simple resistance type thermistor. Other potential problems with RTDs range from the additional electronics (usually located at the device) that may complicate reliability issues all the way to how the Sensor curve 2 Nonlinear sensor resistance curve. The sensor performance curve is a smooth curve over the sensors operating pressure. The DDC linearized curve is a series of straight lines that closely approximates the sensors performance sensor and electronics are configured, which on occasion has been found to affect adversely the sensor signal. Table functions that are now readily available with DDC products can be employed to scale thermistors and other nonlinear devices over a wide range of values. Fig. 2 shows how a DDC system can linearize a continuous, nonlinear sensor input curve with a table function. A number of straight line curves are established in the table function to approximate closely the nonlinear function of the device. As long as simple, inexpensive devices can meet the repeatability, hysteresis, and stability requirements for an HVAC application, such devices should not be rejected because their signals are not linear. Requirement of Linear Output Once it is understood that input devices need not be linear, it is not a great leap to recognize that the response from output devices controlled by analog outputs similarly need not be linear. However, the issues here are more complex and more ingrained in the rules of thumb that engineers frequently apply automatically, so some indepth discussion is required. Because of the pneumatic background, valve design manuals commonly stress the need to select coil/valve combinations for which equal increments in valve position will effect equal increments in heat transfer of a typical heating or cooling coil throughout the stroke of the valve actuator. Fig. 3 shows how traditional design practice seeks to linearize the overall performance of valve and cooling coil. Carefully selecting a coil and valve combination can provide nearly linear performance over the entire range of load possibilities. Such selection is done because it is assumed that the valve will be operated by a controller with a fixed proportional gain. Though this design principle is still widely employed, it is no longer applicable in many modern HVAC applications. In VAV cooling coil applications, the variations of air flow and air/chilled water temperature characteristics act to change dynamically the heat transfer characteristics of the valve/coil arrangement as these parameters change. This makes it very difficult to select a valve/coil combination that will be linear through the variety of conditions that may accompany its operation. The higher performance of DDC systems permits designers much greater flexibility in the design of modulating controls without establishing static (and therefore unrealistic) design criteria. Fig. 4 shows a valve and coil combination that does not provide a linear response of valve position to coil capacity. However, modern DDC systems permit scaling tables to be applied to analog outputs as well as the inputs. Output scaling permits an inherently nonlinear device combination to respond in a linear fashion to signals from the DDC system. In this example, the valve and coil combination provides about 70 percent of the design cooling capacity at about 20 percent valve travel. The DDC output to the valve can be adjusted with the scaling table to position the valve at 20 percent travel at a 70 percent output signal from the DDC system. The scaling factor allows standard PID control to operate the valve effectively because of a software linearization of the valve/coil combination. However, the chilled water flow and heat transfer performance assumed for Fig. 4 is valid only for constant load-side flows and inlet temperatures and for constant chilled water supply temperatures. Whether inherent in the system design or for optimization reasons, rarely in real HVAC applications do these other variables remain constant as control loops operate. As previously discussed, the issue of linear output combinations has therefore been only weakly resolved in the past by attempting to linearize components at one set of system conditions. Obtaining good control over wide ranges of system conditions can be resolved far more completely and effectively with the higher performance capabilities of DDC systems. The proportional, integral, and derivative gains can be tied to algorithms that adjust their values as the variables such as load-side flow, temperatures, and chilled water temperature change. Even more impressive is the emergence of self-tuning controllers. These controllers continually re-establish the various gains associated with a control loop to provide continuously precise control without hunting. The benefits of self-tuning are especially important because variables beyond the immediate control loop can have profound and widely varying effects on each control loop. Self-tuning features are becoming widely available with DDC systems and are enormously effective in adjusting control loops to continue stable operation as other system variables change. Controllability As previously discussed, selecting equipment for linear response should not be an overriding consideration for designers in this era of digital controls. However, this does not mean designers can be imprecise in their designs or in the selection of control loop components. The issue of controllability is one that will continue to play a prominent role both in the design of systems and the selection of individual components. Controllability remains largely a sizing issue. If a valve is oversized for given conditions such that the smallest increment possible from the control loop will substantially overshoot the desired control conditions, the loop has become uncontrollable. This is a problem that typically emerges during periods of low load. Fully understanding the issue of controllability and applying DDC capabilities correctly allows designers to solve such problems and at the same time vastly improve the efficiency and performance of these systems. Selecting a control valve with a lower pressure drop will reduce the pumping power required to meet the load conditions. Traditional practice strongly condemns the idea of employing large valves with lower pressure drops because of the nonlinear response and the lack of controllability at low loads. Fig. 5 illustrates the dilemma. The valve/coil combination with Valve A may be selected according to traditional design practice because it is reasonably controllable at low loads. The vertical axis intercept represents the smallest incremental cooling transfer possible as the valve is cracked open. Note that it is small-only about 10 percent of the design maximum cooling rate. The coil combination with Valve B has a much lower pressure drop because Valve B is a larger size valve. While valve/coil Combination B would require less pumping power, the Y-axis intercept is much higher than that for Combination A. Traditional design criteria typically declare Valve B unsuitable for the application because it is uncontrollable at lower loads and the valve position/ cooling capacity relationship is nonlinear. But when it is integrated with a high-performance control system that can adjust both the chilled water temperature and the loop head pressure, will linearity and controllability of Combination B really be a problem? System Dynamics To see how this question can be answered, consider the graphs in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig. 6 shows the operation curves for valve/coil Combination B at a number of different approach (chilled water supply less air temperature leaving coil) temperature conditions. It is clear that increasing the chilled water temperature relative to the leaving air temperature markedly improves the controllability at low loads. Similarly, Fig. 7 illustrates that the decrease in pressure across the valve/coil combination also improves the controllability at low loads. Designers can use these relationships to reduce substantially the problem of controllability. At periods of uniform low loads, the DDC system can reduce the head pressure across a valve and increase the chilled water temperature to improve controllability. If all valves on a common chilled water loop experience similar decreases in load concurrently, as is typical in many HVAC applications, this parameter adjustment is a great help in improving controllability at low loads. It is apparent from the two figures that larger rangeability and low load controllability are achieved by controlling the chilled water temperature for load adjustment. Raising the chilled water temperature provides a bonus of chiller efficiency increases, but chilled water adjustment reduces pumping savings because a higher chilled water temperature increases the water flow necessary to meet loads. Additionally, under certain circumstances dehumidification requirements may limit the permissible chilled water adjustment. Exploiting the integrated control capabilities of DDC systems and controlling chilled water temperature and hydronic loop pressure in coordination with the control valves allows valve/coil Combination B to perform very well in many HVAC applications. Next month we will focus on the level of integration required to make valve/coil Configuration B operate effectively. We will discuss integrating the operation of the various equipment involved in providing comfort, possible now through the industry moves to provide communication bridges among manufacturers. By concentrating on selecting the most costeffective input/output devices and by utilizing the emerging communications pathways between equipment from various suppliers, we will see that new horizons of performance and energy efficiency can be attained with simple and economical controls configurations. Designers must exploit the benefits of higher performing DDC systems to develop an understanding of the fundamentals of interfacing hardware points to DDC systems. In so doing, a more in-depth look into total system operation must be evaluated before solutions are selected. Simply following traditional rules of thumb regarding linear input and output devices is a poor design practice in this digital controls era. DDC and Small and Medium Size Buildings The control of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is changing as a result of applying direct digital control (DDC) techniques to HVAC control. This report outlines the main features of DDC compared with conventional pneumatic control and shows that, for small-to-medium-size buildings, the DDC system can pay for itself within two years, after which it affects net savings over pneumatic systems. Comparison between Pneumatic Control and DDC Direct digital control of HVAC systems is the direct monitoring of every system input (temperature, flow, pressure) and direct control of every system output (position, onlaff) from a central controller which is a single computer or combination of computers. DDC is a simple concept, but its significance is not obvious until it is compared with traditional forms of HVAC control. Traditionally, the control of HVAC systems was based on independent pneumatic controllers, which used compressed air t o operate the dampers and valve actuators t o control space condition such as temperature, humidity and fresh-air circulation. One building would have several such systems, which were controlled independently. For example, an air-handling system composed of two fans, three dampers and three valves (Figure 1) would be controlled by local pneumatic controllers which operated as independent units. Each controller had a simple task: to maintain a constant set point (for example, supply air temperature) by monitoring and controlling a very l i m i t e d number of variables connected to it by means of compressed air lines whose pressures represented the values of the variables. The control was adjusted mechanically by a technician in the field, and, as calibration of the pneumatic components was rarely carried out, these systems often did not control the building efficient ly. Because the pneumatic controllers were purely electromechanical devices, their sophistication and accuracy of control were extremely limited. A later variant (of pneumatic control) also employed pneumatic centrals, but w i t h the addition of a computer system. This computes system monitored some additional points (for example, space temperatures) and either calculated new set points for each pneumatic controller or allowed an operator at a computer terminal to transmit manual set points to the pneumatic controllers. Although this newer variant aided the building manager by providing more information about building conditions and performance, overall effective control of the building was still compromised by the local pneumatic controllers. Each controlled point was still operated by a pneumatic controller with very limited sophistication and virtually no flexibility. These limitations became more important as ways to manage energy became more sophisticated, Some WAC system, such as variable air volume (VAV) systems, required an accuracy of control not attainable in most cases by pneumatic controllers. As a result, building energy managers were frustrated by their inability to improve the control strategies without rebuilding the pneumatic control system for each change. DDC has solved both problems;. Instead of independent local pneumatic controllers, DDC uses control or monitoring points, each connected to a computer (or interconnected computers) which reads the value of each input and transmits commands to each output (Figure 2). The control strategies are implemented by computer programs, which can be changed by the operator at will. Also, each strategy has available to it the value of every system input instead of a very l i m i t e d local set. In short, under the DDC concept, the entire building operates as one integrated system rather than as independent srrrall systems. Four main results accrue: Control can be as simple or sophisticated as desired, and can be changed easily; The system is more reliable because fewer electromechanical components are needed; Control is more accurate because of the inherent greater accuracy of DDC electronic components; and Energy is saved because an overall strategy eliminates energy waste resulting from simultaneous heating and cooling, which usually occurs in pneumatic systems. The ability of DDC to accommodate virtually any control strategy has had a dramatic impact on mechanical design. Some new mechanical systems can operate in many different modes, depending on external conditions, space temperatures, season, condition of storage tanks, and utility-pricing structures. DDC allows such systems to be operated continuously in their optimum modes, a standard which simply cannot be attained by ordinary pneumatic systems or even pneumatic systems with computer monitoring. Consequently, mechanical designers are now free to d e s i g n the best energy system for a particular building with the assurance that whatever control strategies they specify can be carried out. Each loop at the remote processors can activate itself independent of the others; however, the most efficient use of energy is achieved by controlling all the loops through the central processor. Scheduling air-conditioning and heating loads and selectively dropping electrical loads if the total building power approaches the demand limit are two common energy optimization features available. Other features, such as optimal stop/start, which calculates the optimum starting and stopping times of heating/cooling units to prepare spaces for occupancy without wasting energy, are also used as part of an over-all strategy. Most of these optimization routines do not require any additional hardware since they are implemented by simply adding programs that sense existing inputs and change the strategy for controlling existing output actuators. The building owner or manager who uses DDC effectively needs feedback to evaluate his strategies for optimizing building performance. DDC simplifies this process because it continually monitors each input directly and has storage capacity to keep files of the historical data thus obtained. These historical data can be plotted in color on a TV screen or summarized and printed in report format for management review. The most advanced DDC systems (Figure 3) include a generalized report generator which can produce nee types of reports at any time rather than limit the user to the reports engaged when the system was procured* This feature of DDC i s particularly important since the owners power to change his energy strategy generally creates a need for new reports on energy-sensitive areas identified by continued use of the system. An ancillary benefit is the ability of the DDG system to include facilities other than WAC. With little increase in cost, factors such as control of security and lighting can be added to the system, thereby enabling greater energy savings and eliminating the need to purchase separate systems for badge reading and door-lock control. There is no doubt that DDC offers more effective energy management than conventional controls but, until very recently, its application to HVAC installations has been limited to large building complexes. Many small- and medium size building installations do not use DDC mainly because of its high cost. In the following sections a typical small building is analyzed and DDC is compared with pneumatic control on a cost and payback basis. Small Building Systems The cost of an HVAC controls Installation is generally related to the number of points t o be monitored or controlled, where each point is defined as an analog or digital input (e.g., temperature sensor, fan status switch) or analog or digital output (e.g. damper position or pump on/off control. Each building system, such as air handling, domestic hot water, or chilled water, includes a certain number of points. A recent study which included detailed analysis of a series of building HVAC system, showed that a small- to medium-size building of about 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft .) would contain about 180 points, of which 35% would be analog inputs, 19% analog outputs, 25% digital inputs and 21% digital outputs. Although different building configurations and mechanical designs would affect the distribution of point types, the total number of points for a building of this size would usually be close to 180. Designing a DDC System Given the building layout and the number of points in HVAC equipment, the single greatest design trade-off is that between centralization and distribution of computer power. At the fully centralized extreme a single central computer controls all functions directly and all points are wired to it. At the other extreme (fully distributed), a smaller central computer is connected t o a myriad of other small computers, each of which is wired to 10 to 20 nearby points, In this second instance the central machine presides aver the whole system and controls the points through the intermediary of the remote processors. Each remote processor can control a single HVAC system (e.g. air-handling unit, chiller) independently. A median approach is to employ a moderate number of remote units each of which is wired to 50 t o 120 points. Although all these approaches utilize the benefits of DDC, the three levels of centralization/distribution involve three factors that must be weighed against one another. The first factor is the cost of computer hardware. The fully-centralized approach employs a single processor, which is the least expensive since it combines all the computing power in one place w i t h one enclosure and no duplication of functions. The fully-distributed approach requires the heaviest capital cost for computer hardware. The second factor is electrical installation cost. The fully distributed arrangement yields the lowest installation cost because each remote processor can be located very close to its points and thus wiring runs are short. The fully-centralized arrangement may be quite expensive unless all points are in one mechanical room. The median arrangement (Figure 4) may be the most economical over-all because four remote processors can be used, one in a penthouse, one in some other logical location such as a basement mechanical room, and others on various floors of the building. The third factor is reliability. The fully-centralized scheme is most sensitive to failure since failure of the single computer causes the entire system to fail. Although the system can be made to fail safely, a system failure is inconvenient. The fully-distributed scheme is least sensitive since any component computer can fail while still leaving all the others running, but, as previously mentioned, the cost of the computing equipment is highest. A median approach for small buildings makes good sense; a compromise on all factors is established by designing a system consisting of a central computer and four remote units. Cost Analysis: DDC versus Pneumatic Control The installed cost of DDC systems has traditionally been higher than for pneumatic sys tens, especially in small installations, where the cost of the DDC control processor is spread over fewer points. The cost of a pneumatic system tends to rise linearly with the number of points, as a large system requires more independent local controllers, whereas with DDC a central processor is required even for system with very few points. However, the rapidly falling cost of computing hardware has eroded the historical price difference between DDC and pneumatic installations. For a specific building of 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft.), the installed cost of a pneumatic system is about 75% of the cost of a DDC system Although the initial cost of a DDC system is higher than for a pneumatic system, it can be recovered in a surprisingly short time . It is realistic to assume that a DDC system will yield a 10X% energy saving over and above conventional pneumatic control, due simply to its more accurate a nd sophisticated control, and t o its ability to provide the building owner with information about building performance and areas where energy should be better controlled. Features such as load shed and flexible scheduling alone will produce large energy savings, and these savings will increase as the owner becomes more familiar with the operation of the building. If we assume yearly maintenance costs of $12,000 and $10,000 for the DDC and pneumatic systems respectively, and an energy usage of 322 equivalent kWh/m2/yr. (30 kWh/sq.ft./yr.) at $0.0275 per kWh for both systems, it will take 1.4 years more for the DDC to pay for itself than it will for the pneumatic system when used in the building under consideration. After that time the DDC system will save money compared with the pneumatic controls. Another simple calculation shows that for a three-year payback the DDC energy saving need be only 5.7%, an e

Different Perspectives in Looking at Literacy

I. IntroductionThe objective of this paper is to provide a general discussion on how literacy can be understood from different perspectives. Just the like the proverbial 5 Blind Men of Hindustan who described the elephant albeit incompletely and relative to their experience, literacy can also be understood from different perspectives. We may say that though all these perspectives are correct, they are also at the same time all inadequate to describe the whole phenomena of literacy.Yet by bringing all of these perspectives together, we can come with a fuller picture and definition of what literacy really is. It is the aim of this paper to come up with a more complete understanding of literacy. In the end, we will bring together the different perspectives and come up with a wider view. Eventually it is hoped that through this, a better understanding of literacy can be achieved. Yet in the end, the definition would still be incomplete for literacy is a process and learning never really ends.The point however is to live it at its utmost definition and contribute to its enhancement. There are four perspectives that will be dealt with in this paper with which literacy is tackled. These are: 1. Literacy as a skill; where cognitive skills in speaking, reading, writing, and functional literacy are discussed 2. Literacy as socially situated; where literacy is defined by the specific social context from which it springs. 3. Literacy as a process of learning; where literacy is seen as a lifelong and unending process4. Literacy as text where critical analysis of the social constructions are processed.II. BodyLiteracy as a skill The Cognitive science perspective on literacy looks at literacy mostly as reading and writing skills where reading must become like second nature and automatic while at the same time having a very accurate interpretation. The brain must be able to process reading as fast as it can and in the most precise comprehension as possible. This skill must be practice in order to have mastery over it (Abadzi, 2004).Writing on the other hand is another skill which is intricately connected to a particular syntax of a specific linguistic script which are meaning-based and sound-based (Barton, 1994). An example of meaning based writing is the Chinese character which is not an alphabet but a representation of what is being referred. An example of sound-based writing is our current alphabet based on the Greek system of writing assigning vowels and consonant sounds to actual letters that would signify meaning. This is considered to have technological superiority over other forms of script (Olson, 1994).There is a belief that writing is more superior to speech because it is the actual transcription of the spoken word. Thus the cognitive argument emphasizes on the significance of literacy in society’s advanced capacities and progress. However this view has been criticized. To quote from Olson: ‘The focus on literacy skills seriously underestimates the significance of both the implicit understandings that children bring to school and the importance of oral discourse in bringing those understandings into consciousness in turning them into objects of knowledge.’ (Olson, 1997 cited in Street 2004)Thus one needs to factor in oral competencies together with reading and writing skills in looking at literacy as skill (Robinson, 2003). Numeracy skills also have to be added as an important component of literacy. Literacy skills must also include those that enable access to knowledge and information such as skills in surfing the internet, technological skills, computer literacy, among others (Lankshear, 2003). This new view paved the way for the concept of functional literacy which can complement the limitations of the skills based perspective.Functional literacy is defined by the World Congress of Ministers of Education on the Eradication of Illiteracy, Tehran September 1965: â€Å"Rather than an end in itself, l iteracy should be regarded as a way of preparing man [sic] for a social, civic and economic role that goes beyond the limits of rudimentary literacy training consisting merely in [sic] the teaching of reading and writing. † (Yousif, 2003) Functional literacy is most often linked to development which not only means teaching reading, writing, ‘rithmetic and speaking, but also knowing how to go about in society such as finding a job.Literacy as Socially Situated The ethnographic perspective to literacy looks into the practices of literacy in different cultural and social contexts. This perspective has been coined NLS or New Literacy Studies (Gee, 1999). This perspective looks at ‘the everyday meanings and uses of literacy in specific cultural contexts and links directly to how we understand the work of literacy programmes, which themselves then become subject to ethnographic enquiry’ (Street, 2004). This perspective looks at literacy not only as a skill but as a social practice which is socially constructed and imbedded in the culture of society.It argues that reading and writing are not neutral skills but based on concept of ideology, identity, being and knowledge. Thus this perspective emphasizes on the social situatedness of literacy. This is a more culturally sensitive approach where there is no single and universal definition of literacy but only in the social context wherein meaning is derived from (Doronilla, 1996). Most often than not the classification of illiterates are done on traditional societies on the hunting and gathering mode of economic production.However we cannot impose this definition on their lives because the applicability of being â€Å"literate† on their culture is not going to be very significant. Thus there is a call to review the literate-illiterate dichotomy. In a study by Sylvia Scribner together with Michael Cole in (The Psychology of Literacy, 1981) on the functions of literacy in Vai of north-west L iberia, they argue that literacy will only be fully understood within the context of the people’s social practices (Barton, 1994). The argument is such that being literate means that one can navigate well in his or her social world.In traditional societies, learning to read and to write is not as compelling as learning to hunt and survive in the forest. The criticism levelled at this approach is that it emphasizes too much on local context without factoring in external forces such as colonization, religious evangelization, economic globalization and others (Brandt, 2002). Others also question this overemphasis on cultural difference when literacy should be encouraging peoples of the world to integrate and create meaningful social, economic, and political linkages (Maddox, 2001).Anthropological and ethnographic researches looking into the communicative process reveals that it is the local contexts that define literacy and that the texts can only be produced within specific cul tural and social perspectives. Thus literacy should not be imposed from the outside as a dominant discourse but should naturally development from one’s culture. Literacy as a process of learning The constructivist perspective looks at literacy as a continuing process rather than an end product. Knowledge is seen as continually evolving and being socially constructed in the process of doing.This looks into the perspective of the learner and how he or she makes meaning and sense from his own experiences. In this perspective, critical reflection is the key to individual and social transformation. This was developed by Kolb in adult education where the design is experiential and learning begins by personal reflection (Kolb, 1984). Paulo Freire is one of the main theorists propounding on this perspective. I quote from Paulo Freire, â€Å"Every reading of the word is preceded by a reading of the world.Starting from the reading of the world that the reader brings to literacy progra ms (a social- and class determined reading), the reading of the word sends the reader back to the previous reading of the world, which is, in fact, a re-reading. (Freire, 1995)† For Paulo Freire, literacy is not a matter of learning to speak, then to read then to write. These are all part of the learning process. Literacy is such that it gives meaning to our life and to our world as we continue to be part of the never ending process of social transformation.The whole process of interpretation and meaning giving should not be without conscientization and resolve to higher action. Part of Freire’s pedagogy is praxis which is a combination of theory and practice where literacy can dialogically transform the world (Freire, 1995). For Freire literacy originates first and foremost, from the social practices of man and his actual encounter with the world. Literacy as text Linguists, educationalists, and literary theorists look at literacy from the perspective of it being the à ¢â‚¬Ëœsubject matter’ (Bhola, 1994)) where the nature of the given texts are created and used by individuals.These texts may vary in terms of genre and subject, the levels of difficulty in the language being used, and in ideological content which can be explicit or hidden. This perspective looks at literacy where texts are bound together in intertextuality where people’s practices and texts intertwine. Thus the texts have the power to reproduce social practices such as social inequalities, gender relations, and racism among others. This is referred to as discourse.Others improved this perspective by also including non verbal communication, gestures, body language are part of the communication process where different cultures and contexts can change the interpretation of meaning (Kress, 2001). Thus people choose ‘representational resources’ on a case to case basis depending on what situation and what context. To illustrate, even the theories of literacy are themselves embedded in the assumptions and values of institutions and individuals. This perspective requires a critical reading of the text as social constructed and at the same time socially recreating society.Meanings are constructed according to social binaries and collusion of different values and forms of life. The criticism levelled at this perspective is determining its applicability in multi cultural settings and in a rapidly globalizing information society where the internet serves as a main medium bridging different cultures. Moreover, this perspective tends toward nihilism if we begin to look at all text being socially constructed, one may conclude that there neither defining value nor stable foothold to culture. Literacy as a Dominating IdeologyNeo Marxists levels its attack on the idea of literacy itself as a western and dominating ideology that creates social inequalities. This is being done by derogatory classification of â€Å"illiterates† without even lookin g at their specific culture and life forms from their own point of view. Literacy as an ideology is said to impose a standard created by the First World which brings with its own economic system of capitalism as already accepted. Thus the space of indigenous peoples for discourse is reduced only to a certain level of â€Å"literacy† from which they can discourse.Those who cannot speak the educated language are silenced. Technical discourse is preferred over experiential discourse. Bringing it all together If we look at the various perspectives in which we have analyzed literacy, we can see some common denominators in which all these perspectives can agree upon. These are: 1. That literacy should involve the whole range of human communication skills such as reading, writing, speaking, counting and even non verbal communication and the study of proxemics and body language as forms of representation. 2.That literacy is contingent on the needs of the learners and the needs of soc iety. 3. That literacy must be able to empower and engage the people and must thrive within a positive learning environment. Yousif gives general definition of literacy based on these 4 perspectives: â€Å"Literacy is a technical capacity and a social act whose principal focus is reading, writing and numeracy as a step in a lifelong learning process that can lead to creative expression and conceptual problem-solving skills.Its principal objective is to enable the individual to achieve his goals and to  contribute to the welfare of his community (Yousif, 10-12 June, 2003). † If we examine the definition above we will observe that at the core of literacy are cognitive skills but it does not end there. The definition of Literacy further reaches out to creative expression, the ability to navigate the social world and survive, and conceptual problem solving. This definition further affirms the social roots and origins of literacy as human beings are social beings. As individuals they have to make meaning and interpret communication. As social beings, we need to be part and contribute to the welfare of society.As literacy is integral to culture and society, it is also a lifelong process of learning for human society is never static. The Significance of this definition This definition can prove to be very significant in the conduct of literacy efforts all over the world. While literacy efforts may stress on cognitive skills at the beginning, they should also emphasize on self actualization and social transformation as a direction. Literacy is also seen not as an end in itself but a lifelong process directed at creative self expression, psychological empowerment and self actualization, critical engagement, and social transformation.Literacy efforts should also look at the applicability and practicability of literacy programs on the actual life situation and culture of the people. There is no generic formula for literacy and the point of literacy programs is t o make human communities a better place to live in. While however accepting such diversity, we also have to take note that the mass media through the information high way is literally changing the communication landscape of the world.Thus we need to be open to learning how to navigate through fast developments while being critical of dominating discourses that flood the media.III. Conclusion:Education for Freedom During the last 300 years when the industrial revolution began, dramatic advances had made it a requirement for people in the modern world to have formal education in the schools. Before that, the transmission of learning and skills happened via oral tradition and the socialization of the young. Today, educational institutions are a must and acquiring formal education is already a necessity among the young.With the study of the different perspectives on literacy, we now know that literacy does not only mean skill but also competency. However, competency is not enough if one is to reach his highest potential. One needs critical self reflection to examine the deepest roots of our society and social life in order to change it. Thus literacy means gaining knowledge to understand the world and analyze society. Yet again the process never stops. For in the end, knowledge is useless if it has no goal and direction. The only worthwhile direction of human knowledge is none other than Freedom.This is what it really means when we say that reason has finally triumphed; where the world lives on free discourses and what matter is what’s right and not who’s right. This is where literacy brings not only development but also freedom and a better world guided by wisdom and reason. As information society increases global communication and makes the world smaller, so must the free exchange of culture and knowledge proceed without discrimination but with respect so there would be a diversity which is a unity in itself guided by the highest kind of literacy w e can ever imagine.